FTTR: Thaum Point-to-Point Fiber (G.p2pf) Ua rau Sense

Architecture, kev ua tau zoo thiab kev kho

Co-author:Dr. Andreas Bluschke, Tus Kws Tshawb Fawb, Fiber Fidelity GmbH

Dr. Andreas Bluschke ua haujlwm hauv kev sib txuas lus kho qhov muag thiab fiber ntau hauv tsev sib tham. Nws co-sau phau ntawv 2025FTTR – Glasfaserbasierte Wohnungsnetze, Netzebene 5 (NE5)nrog Gerhard Kafka, npog FTTR technologies, standardization thiab xa mus. Fiber Fidelity GmbH tsom rau FTTR kev daws teeb meem rau kev sib txuas hauv tsev.

G.p2pf muab kev sib koom ua ke kho qhov muag Ethernet ntawm lub rooj vag hauv tsev thiab cov chav xaiv xaiv. Qhov twg nws hloov lub wireless relay uas tsis muaj kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov ntsiab lus nkag (APs), nws ruaj khov rau lub backhaul thiab tso cov xov tooj cua uas siv los ntawm relay. Dab tsi hauv tsev neeg tau ceeb toom tseem nyob ntawm tus neeg siv khoom sib txuas, lub rooj vag thiab lwm txoj hauv kev tsheb.

FTTR, lossis Fiber-To-the-Room, yog daim ntawv dav dav rau kev noj fiber ntau hauv tsev. g.p2pf uaG.finyog nws cov txheej txheem tsis ntev los no [1]. Ib qho kev hloov pauv tau piav qhia ntawm ETSI ntau dua 10 xyoo dhau los yog, hauv paus ntsiab lus, kuj yog hom FTTR, txawm hais tias nws tsis raug xa mus rau qhov ntawd thaum lub sijhawm [15]. Qhov no version yog raws li G.hn technology. Kab lus no npog G.p2pf thiab coj hauv G.fin tsuas yog qhov kev sib piv qhia meej txog kev xaiv tsim. Nws cov architecture, kev ua haujlwm thiab kev saib xyuas siv nyob qhov twg G.p2pf raug xa mus; lub tsev thiab kev lag luam piv txwv feem ntau yog European. Tam sim no kev lag luam FTTR xa tawm feem ntau yog raws li PON architectures. G.fin tau los txog tam sim no feem ntau yog neeg Suav, lossis tej zaum ntau dua Asian, qhov tshwm sim, thaum G.p2pf tab tom tshwm sim los ua lwm txoj hauv kev tshwj xeeb rau thaj chaw thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm xwm txheej [13, 14].

European tej yam kev mob sib txawv, tab sis lub network nres ntawm lub tsev: EU27 FTTP kev pab them nqi mus txog 74.1% nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-2025 [10], thaum fiber ntau npaum li cas mus txog rau hauv chav tsev yog ib feem ntawm txoj kev.

Hauv luv luv, cov lus teb rau cov tsev laus nyob sab Europe nyob ntawm lub tsev thiab yuav ua li cas tus neeg teb xov tooj dov FTTR tawm. G.p2pf them tawm qhov twg cov xaim mus rau ib chav tsis tuaj yeem tuav qhov kev sib txuas ruaj khov, qhov twg FTTH twb nyob rau hauv qhov chaw thiab cov chav tau hloov kho dua ib zaug, lossis qhov chaw kho dua tshiab ua rau cov cabling tshiab pheej yig. Qhov chaw ua haujlwm Ethernet twb mus txog cov ntsiab lus nkag thiab qhov kev thov yog me me, cov cabling uas twb muaj lawm tuaj yeem nyob. Qhov twg tus nqi ntawm fiber ntau khiav, lossis tus neeg teb xov tooj tau dov tawm FTTR ntawm qhov ntsuas, G.fin cov ntoo sib koom yuav yog qhov zoo dua. Nqe lus "Lub tsev laus nyob sab Europe twg haum G.p2pf?" teeb tawm qhov laj thawj thaum lub architecture thiab kev ua tau zoo tom qab nyob rau hauv qhov chaw.

Yuav ua li cas lub point-to-point network txuas

ITU-T G.9930 txhais lub G.p2pf network ntawm peb qhov chaw: lub rooj vag hauv tsev (RGW), qhov chaw nyob sab hauv fiber ntau (IFDN) thiab subtended units (SUs). Chav tsev feem ntau muab Wi-Fi thiab tej zaum kuj tseem muaj cov chaw nres nkoj Ethernet rau cov khoom siv kawg. Txhua SU muaj nws tus kheej fiber ntau lossis fiber ntau thiab nws qhov chaw nres nkoj kho qhov muag ntawm sab hauv nruab nrab [2].

Optical interfaces tuaj yeem ua rau hauv lub rooj vag thiab chav tsev. Xwb, cov khoom siv tawm sab nraud tuaj yeem txuas cov khoom siv los ntawm kev txhawb nqa Ethernet interfaces. G.9930 cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv rau Cov Ntawv Ntxiv Kuv piav qhia txog qhov kev npaj sab nraud no, suav nrog cov hloov pauv nrog kev hloov pauv lossis txuas txuas txuas. Nws muaj txoj hauv kev los khaws cov rooj vag sib xws thiab cov ntsiab lus nkag, txawm hais tias kev sib raug zoo yog nyob ntawm cov khoom siv tiag tiag thiab kev sib tshuam.

Cov kev sib txuas tshwj xeeb yog dab tsi cais G.p2pf los ntawm G.fin qhov sib koom kho qhov muag ntoo [3]. Qhov point-to-multipoint tsim yog them rau hauv pebG.fin FTTR architecture qhia.

G.p2pf has one independent optical port and dedicated fiber or fiber pair per room link, with no splitter. G.fin has one central optical interface feeding a passive splitter and a shared tree. The illustration shows arbitrary room units SU 1, SU 2 and SU N. Vodafone prefers at least two SFP+ cages for P2P, compared with one for P2MP.

Yam	g.p 2 pw	G.fin
Optical txoj kev	Ib qho tshwj xeeb taw tes rau-taw tes txuas rau txhua chav tsev	Ob peb chav nyob sib koom ib tsob ntoo kho qhov muag
Central interface	Ib qhov chaw kho qhov muag rau txhua chav txuas	Ib tsob ntoo tuaj yeem pab ntau chav nyob los ntawm kev sib koom kho qhov muag
Passive poob	Fiber, connectors thiab tej splices pab poob; txoj kev unbranched tsis muaj splitter poob	Kev suav poob kuj suav nrog cov khoom siv kho qhov muag
Muaj peev xwm	Txhua chav txuas muaj nws lub peev xwm; kev khiav tsheb tseem yuav ntsib kev sib pauv hloov lossis kev txwv uplink	Chav tsev qhia txog tsob ntoo muaj peev xwm kis tau tus mob
Ua txhaum cai	Ib qho txhaum nyob rau hauv ib chav txuas yuav ua rau lwm qhov txuas ua haujlwm	Ib qho txhaum hauv ib feem ntawm tsob ntoo tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau ntau chav nyob

G.9930 teeb tsa tsis muaj universal siab tshaj plaws ntawm chav tsev; daim duab rau ib qho kev teeb tsa nyob ntawm nws cov cuab yeej siv thiab muaj cov interfaces. Dedicated chav txuas kuj tseem tawm qee qhov kev sib koom ua ke: lub rooj vag, cov khoom siv sib sau ua ke, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab kev sib txuas hauv Is Taws Nem tuaj yeem nyob twj ywm rau txhua chav.

Yuav ua li cas backhaul kev ua tau zoo cuam tshuam rau tus neeg siv

Hloov lub wireless relay nrog fiber ntau tshem tawm xov tooj cua propagation thiab kev sib cav los ntawm qhov backhaul ntu. Qhov twg lub wireless relay yog qhov txwv ntawm qhov kev sib txuas, nws tus nqi thiab kev ruaj ntseg sib txawv nrog qhov kev ncua deb, kev cuam tshuam thiab airtime sib koom ntawm cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig, thaum qhov kev sib txuas kho qhov muag ua raws nws txoj kev teeb tsa cable thiab khaws lub peev xwm. Qhov no yuav pab tau thaum lub relay yog lub bottleneck, tab sis nws tsis hloov tus nqi kev pab cuam hauv Internet: ib tug 10 Gbit / s chav txuas ntawm 1 Gbit / s Internet kev pab cuam tseem tuav rau qhov kev pab cuam txwv rau kev siv Internet.

Vodafone observations presented in October 2025. Of thousands of active GPONs, 1 percent exceed 25 percent downstream loading and 12 percent exceed 25 percent upstream loading. Fewer than 10 percent of customer devices on its Wi-Fi hubs and extenders can use 6 GHz. The less-than-10-percent bar denotes an upper bound rather than a point estimate. Different rows describe different populations.

Concurrent peev nyob ntawm qhov chaw khiav tsheb. Yog tias plaub 10 Gbit / s chav txuas xa mus los ntawm ib qho 10 Gbit / s uplink, qhov uplink caps lawv cov kev sib koom ua ke. Kev sib hloov ntawm chav sib txuas yuav tsis kov lub rooj vag uplink. Nrog kev hloov pauv txaus thiab qhov chaw muaj peev xwm, ntau chav sib txuas tuaj yeem khiav ze ntawm kab tus nqi tib lub sijhawm, nyob rau hauv cov kev txwv ntawm cov txheej txheem overhead thiab qhov kawg.

Cov txheej txheem kho qhov muag (PHY) teeb tsa tus nqi txuas tus lej thiab kis tsis tau. G.9930 Kev Hloov Kho 2, pom zoo rau 29 Kaum Ib Hlis 2025, nthuav tawm Table 9-1 mus rau cuaj PHY kev xaiv uas suav nrog 1, 10, 25 thiab 50 Gbit / s, nrog dual-fiber thiab ib leeg-fiber bidirectional variants. Cov khoom siv ntawm tus kheej siv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov kev xaiv no [2].

Ntu wireless tseem xav tau nws tus kheej kev ntsuas. Fiber backhaul pub dawb cov kev pab cuam uas lub wireless backhaul yuav siv, tab sis cov neeg siv-rau-AP kev pab them nqi thiab roaming nyob ntawm AP qhov chaw, xov tooj cua chaw, cuam tshuam thiab tus neeg siv tus cwj pwm. Ntxiv APs ntawm cov kab sib tshooj tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev sib cav. G.9930 tso Wi-Fi kev ua haujlwm sib koom ua ke sab nraum nws txoj haujlwm.

Cov ntawv sau ntawv NokiaTechnology Txheej txheem cej luam ntawm P2P FTTR Solutionstshuaj xyuas cov teeb meem no hauv cov qauv hauv tsev: cov tsev ntawm 60 txog 300 m², 2.4 thiab 5 GHz kev ua haujlwm, kwv yees li 10 Mbit / s rau ib tus neeg siv khoom, random tso APs thiab cov neeg siv khoom, thiab tsis muaj inter-AP spectrum lossis kev sib koom tes ntawm lub zog. Nws txhawb kev kho rov qab thiab xov tooj cua kev ua tau zoo sib cais; nws cov txiaj ntsig tus lej tsuas yog siv rau cov kev xav ntawd [4].

Copper Ethernet kuj tseem tuaj yeem hloov lub wireless relay. Ib qho Ethernet cable nqa nws cov teeb liab nyob rau hauv ib qho kev tiv thaiv los yog sib npaug, yog li nws qhov kev ua tau zoo yog teeb tsa los ntawm cable thiab qhov txuas tsis yog los ntawm xov tooj cua tshaj tawm. Copper kev ua tau zoo nyob ntawm kab kab, qhov ntev, kev txiav thiab cuam tshuam; Cat 6A channel txhawb nqa 10GBASE-T tshaj li 100 m [5]. Ethernet uas twb muaj lawm uas ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau muaj tuaj yeem nyob nrog kev sib txuas kho qhov muag, yog li fiber ntau cov txiaj ntsig yuav tsum raug txiav txim rau qhov kev ncua deb, muaj peev xwm thiab txoj hauv kev cable.

Cov tsev laus nyob sab Europe twg haum G.p2pf?

Vim li cas cov neeg ua haujlwm nyob sab Europe saib G.p2pf?

Cov ntaub ntawv tshaj tawm los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm nyob sab Europe yog hais txog kev teeb tsa thiab kev lag luam wholesale kev sib raug zoo es tsis yog txhua tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub tsev. Hauv nws lub Kaum Hlis 2025 nthuav qhia rau ITU-T Rhiav, Vodafone nug txog qhov yooj yim, tus kheej-installable point-to-point xaiv raws li G.p2pf, uas nws xav kom txaus rau ntau lub tsev. Nws kuj hu tau yooj yim compatibility nrog wholesale-muab FTTH qhov tseem ceeb, siv cov wholesaler's ONT raws li kev xaiv G.p2pf, thiab nws pom pluggable optics raws li tus nqi qis dua los txuas lub hub. Nws xav tau ib qho kev daws teeb meem uas haum rau nws cov qauv-raws li CPE architecture es tsis yog cais FTTR-tsuas platform [13]. Kev xav tau ntawm tsev neeg tom qab FTTR ntawm txhua yam yog lub backhaul uas tuav nws tus nqi thiab nws latency; ntawm nws tus kheej uas xav tau tsis taw tes rau G.p2pf es tsis yog G.fin.

Tib qhov kev nthuav qhia yog ceev faj txog nplai. Nws piav qhia FTTR li niche nyob rau lub sijhawm ze thiab tshaj tawm txwv kev nqa mus rau qhov taw tes-rau-ntau qhov sib txawv Vodafone tau pib. Nws kuj hais tias point-to-multipoint tuaj yeem muaj lub luag haujlwm hauv qee qhov xwm txheej hauv tsev, kom txo tus nqi ntawm fiber ntau khiav [13]. European kev txaus siab rau G.p2pf yog li qhov kev nyiam tsim, tsis yog pov thawj ntawm kev xa tawm loj. FTTR ntim txog tam sim no yog tsom rau hauv Suav teb, qhov twg LightCounting suav txog 30 lab tus neeg siv khoom thaum kawg ntawm 2024 ntawm PON-based networks [14]. Hauv qee qhov xwm txheej European G.p2pf tuaj yeem ua tiav G.fin es tsis hloov nws.

G.p2pf txhim kho dab tsi hauv ib lub tsev qub nyob sab Europe?

Optical backhaul suits lub tsev qub nyob sab Europe qhov twg cov cabling uas twb muaj lawm tsis tuaj yeem xa qhov txuas txuas mus rau cov chav uas xav tau ib qho. G.p2pf muab ib qho kev sib txuas kho qhov muag rau txhua chav xws li, tshem tawm kev sib cav los ntawm ntu rov qab thiab muab chav ntawd nws tus kheej lub peev xwm. Qhov nce yog backhaul stability. Tus nqi nkag hauv Internet nyob twj ywm qhov twg, raws li 10 Gbit / s chav txuas tom qab 1 Gbit / s kev pabcuam qhia.

Cov tsev twg twb tau txais kev pabcuam los ntawm cov cabling uas twb muaj lawm?

Cable tuaj yeem ntxiv rau hauv cov kauj ruam. Qhov twg tsim nyog tooj liab Ethernet twb mus txog qhov chaw nkag mus thiab qhov kev thov yog me me, lub network uas twb muaj lawm txaus thiab tuaj yeem nyob; fiber tsuas yog ntxiv rau ntawm txoj kev tooj liab tsis tuaj yeem ua haujlwm. Qhov no haum rau cov tsev uas qhib cov phab ntsa tiav yog kim, vim hais tias cov chav nrog kev ua haujlwm cabling yuav tsum tsis muaj haujlwm tshiab txhua.

Thaum twg G.p2pf zoo dua?

G.p2pf haum rau lub tsev uas ntsuas lub fwj dej yog lub wireless relay ntawm cov chav nyob deb, los yog qhov chaw kho kom zoo dua qub ua rau cov cabling tshiab pheej yig. Nws kuj haum rau lub tsev uas twb muaj FTTH thiab xav ntxiv qhov kho qhov muag rov qab mus rau chav tsev loj tshaj ib zaug; Vodafone npe yooj yim compatibility nrog wholesale-muab FTTH raws li qhov tseem ceeb rau hom kev xaiv no [13]. Cov tsev qub qub nyob sab Europe feem ntau tsis muaj cov kav dej tshwj xeeb rau hauv qhov chaw fiber ntau, thiab kev kho dua tshiab yog lub sijhawm ntuj los ntxiv nws. Qhov kev txiav txim siab yog lub tsev txoj kab hluav taws xob, tsis yog nws thaj chaw hauv pem teb.

Thaum twg G.fin zoo dua?

G.fin yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws haum rau tus neeg ua haujlwm loj, tus qauv tsim tawm, uas yog qhov chaw niaj hnub no FTTR ntim. Nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg laus lub tsev, tsawg fiber ntau khiav yuav muaj teeb meem qhov twg ib tug sib koom feeder thiab splitters txo tus naj npawb ntawm strands rov qab mus rau lub hauv paus ntsiab lus, piv txwv li los ntawm ib tug sib koom riser; Vodafone ua tib lub ntsiab lus rau qee qhov xwm txheej hauv tsev ntau [13]. Qhov kev txuag ntawd tsuas yog siv rau qhov sib koom ua ke xwb, vim G.fin tseem xav tau fiber ntau rau txhua chav tsev, yog li txawm tias nws ntau dua ib chav cais nyob ntawm kev kho dua tshiab ntawm tes.

Dab tsi yog qhov muaj zog tshaj plaws rau tsev neeg zoo tib yam?

Cov ntaub ntawv muaj zog tshaj plaws yog qhov ruaj khov xaim rov qab mus rau chav tsev nrog kev siv hnyav tshaj plaws, ntxiv chav los ntawm chav kom deb li deb ntawm lub rooj vag qhov chaw kho qhov muag tso cai. Chav ntawd tau txais nws tus kheej lub peev xwm tsis yog ib feem ntawm tsob ntoo, thiab lwm tus hauv tsev neeg lub network nyob hauv qhov chaw. Hauv kev xyaum, kev xaiv feem ntau yog ua nrog tus neeg teb xov tooj lossis tus neeg tsim khoom, ib yam li nrog cov kev pabcuam Movistar cov kev pabcuam saum toj no [11].

Fiber ncav cuag lub tsev tsis txhais hais tias fiber ntau ncav cuag cov chav. EU27 FTTP kev pab them nqi tau mus txog 74.1% [10], tab sis qhov kev txwv ntawm chav tsev rau chav ua haujlwm feem ntau zaum hauv lub tsev. Kwv yees li ib nrab ntawm EU cov pej xeem nyob hauv cov tsev [12], thiab cov xov tooj tshiab muaj kom haum ib puag ncig uas twb muaj lawm. G.p2pf qhov chaw nyob uas nyob hauv thaj chaw ntu ib chav txuas ntawm ib lub sijhawm.

Tsim txoj kev kho qhov muag

Thaum cov khoom siv sib cuam tshuam thiab txoj hauv kev tsheb tau teeb tsa, qhov txuas passive thiab kev teeb tsa lub zog tuaj yeem teev ua ke. Qhov txuas kho qhov muag yuav tsum sib phim ntawm ob qho kawg, thiab cov khoom siv hauv chav tsev xav tau kev txhawb nqa ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob.

Cov khoom lag luam nyob sab Europe tsim cov kev xaiv no. Cov vaj tse qub feem ntau ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau hauv qhov chaw fiber ntau, yog li txoj hauv kev sab hauv feem ntau yuav tsum tau npaj nyob ib ncig ntawm qhov uas twb muaj lawm: cov ducts uas twb muaj lawm, qhov chaw ntim lossis cov kab hluav taws xob qis. ETSI TS 103 933, ib qho kev qhia tshwj xeeb rau kev xa tawm fiber ntau hauv fiber ntau hauv cov chaw sib txuas, yog European siv rau txoj haujlwm no [7].

Fiber thiab endpoint match

Ib leeg-fiber bidirectional txuas siv sib txawv wavelengths nyob rau hauv ob txoj kev; dual-fiber txuas siv ib fiber ntau rau ib qho kev taw qhia. Cov ntawv txheeb xyuas suav nrog PHY hom, tus nqi nominal, tus khub wavelength, kev teeb tsa fiber ntau thiab cov khoom sib txuas. Lub 10, 25 thiab 50 Gbit / s bidirectional PHYs tau qhia los ntawm IEEE Std 802.3cp-2021 thiab raug xa mus los ntawm IEEE 802.3 clauses nyob rau hauv G.9930 [2, 6].

G.9930 ntu 9.7.1 pom zoo rau G.657.A lossis G.657.B fiber ntau kom txwv tsis pub dabtsi yog khoov ntawm txoj hauv kev sab hauv. ETSI TS 103 933 clause 6.3.1 mus ntxiv rau kab rov tav cov neeg siv khoom txuas ntxiv thiab hu rau G.657.A2 lossis G.657.B3 [7]. Fiber kuaj khoov radii, xws li 7.5 hli rau A2 thiab 5 hli rau B3, tsis yog universal installation txwv rau tiav cables; installation khoov txwv los ntawm cable specification [7].

Tsau fiber ntau tuaj yeem txiav tawm ntawm qhov chaw txuas nruab nrab thiab ntawm chav tsev, nrog cov hlua txuas txuas cov cuab yeej, raws li tau piav qhia hauv G.9930 ntu 9.7.3. Cov khoom siv sib xws tuaj yeem raug txiav lossis hloov pauv yam tsis tau rov txiav cov fiber ntau ruaj. Qhov twg tsis muaj fiber ntau yog pre-installed, cov ducts uas twb muaj lawm, qhov chaw ntim thiab pob tshab los yog ze li qhov pom ntawm cable (saib hauv seem 9.7.2) muab cov kev teeb tsa, thiab tom qab kev teeb tsa tsis tas yuav tsum qhib cov phab ntsa tiav.

Optical poob thiab lub zog

G.9930 ntu 9.4 qhia txog 2.4 dB optical link pob nyiaj siv. Appendix II muab tau los ntawm txoj kev siv ntawm 1 km ntawm fiber ntau ntawm 0.4 dB / km ntxiv rau plaub qhov txuas ntawm 0.5 dB txhua. Nws yog ib qho kev siv nyiaj uas tau teev tseg, tsis yog ntsuas qhov tshwm sim rau ib qho kev teeb tsa.

G.9930 specifies a 2.4 dB system budget. The Appendix II reference path consists of 0.4 dB from one kilometer of fiber and 2.0 dB from four connectors at 0.5 dB each. Separate IEEE PHY budgets in Table 9-1 are 8 dB for 1G dual fiber, 5.5 dB for 1G single fiber and 6.3 dB for the listed 10G dual and single fiber PHYs. These are specified budgets, not measured installation results.

Table 9-1 kuj teev cov peev nyiaj ntawm IEEE PHYs hauv qab. Cov no yog IEEE qhov tseem ceeb, uas G.9930 sau ntawv txaus siab rau nws tus kheej ntev thiab txuas-pob nyiaj xav tau; Kev lees txais cov txheej txheem rau ib qho kev teeb tsa raug sau tseg nyias.

Parameter	Tus nqi	Lub ntsiab lus
G.9930 ntu 9.4 optical link pob nyiaj siv	2.4 dB	Kev siv nyiaj txiag, nrog rau nws qhov kev siv-txoj kev derivation hauv Appendix II
1G dual-fiber PHY hauv Table 9-1	8 dB; 1270-1355 nm	IEEE PHY kho qhov muag txuas pob nyiaj siv thiab kev ua haujlwm wavelength ntau yam raws li teev nyob rau hauv G.9930
1G ib leeg-fiber PHY hauv Table 9-1	5.5 dB; downstream 1480 txog 1500nm, sab sauv 1260 txog 1360nm	Lub rooj tseem sau txog qhov dav dua qhov tso cai qis qis rau kev rov qab sib raug zoo
10G PHYs hauv Table 9-1	6.3 dB	Sau npe rau cov kev teev tseg dual-fiber thiab ib leeg-fiber PHYs

Lub zog hluav taws xob yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua, vim tias cov fiber ntau ntshiab tsis nqa hluav taws xob PoE. Cov chav tsev tuaj yeem siv cov khoom siv hauv zos lossis lwm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob txhawb nqa. Rau G.p2pf, ntu 9.7.4 piav qhia txog qhov kho qhov muag / hluav taws xob hybrid cable rau cov chaw taws teeb fais fab, nrog cov khoom siv sib xws thiab kev txiav tawm raws li ITU-T L.109.1 [8]. Sab nraud media converters ntxiv cais powered thawv; integrated optical interfaces kos lub hwj chim yam tsis tas yuav ntxiv ib qho adapter lossis qhov hluav taws xob.

Commissioning kev sib txuas ua tiav

Commissioning yuav tsum tsim kom muaj ob qho tib si zoo ntawm txhua txoj kev kho qhov muag thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm tag nrho cov network. Ib lub teeb txuas los yog qhov kev ntsuas ceev cais tsis tuaj yeem piav qhia txog tus cwj pwm nyob rau hauv kev siv ib txhij.

1. Txheeb xyuas qhov sib txuas ntawm txhua qhov chaw nres nkoj hauv nruab nrab thiab chav tsev. Sau cov khoom siv, optics, wavelengths, fiber ntau thiab connector hom yog li qhov txuas tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas thiab rov tsim dua thaum kho.

2. Tshawb xyuas thiab ntxuav cov connectors ua ntej ntsuas qhov poob. Siv lub teeb pom kev zoo thiab lub zog ntsuas hluav taws xob lossis qhov ntsuas qhov muag tsis pom, thiab sau cov ntawv xeem wavelength, siv cov qauv thiab cov txiaj ntsig. Sib piv cov txiaj ntsig nrog qhov kev txwv tsis pub dhau los ntawm qhov ntev fiber ntau, connectors thiab splices, thiab xyuas nws tawm tsam qhov siv tau thiab cov khoom siv. Qhov phiaj xwm txwv tswj hwm qhov kev xeem, uas ua raws li cov txheej txheem siv ib leeg thiab FOA kev taw qhia [9].

3. Tshawb xyuas kev ua haujlwm hauv ob qho kev qhia ntawm txhua qhov txuas, thiab sau cov nqi sib tham thiab cov txiaj ntsig kev sib tw rau txhua qhov kev sib txuas.

4. Khiav kev tsheb sib txuas los ntawm cov peev txheej sib koom. Sau cov ntaub ntawv sib sau ua ke thiab ib chav dhau los, latency thiab pob ntawv poob. Chav-rau-chav tsheb ib leeg tsis tuaj yeem qhia qhov rooj-uplink kev ua tau zoo. Paub meej tias qhov kev npaj fais fab txhawb nqa txhua yam khoom siv txuas nrog ua haujlwm ua ke.

5. Txheeb xyuas tus neeg siv khoom Wi-Fi kev pab them nqi thiab kev sib tw sib cais. Cov tshev no nthuav tawm cov teeb meem hauv xov tooj cua uas tseem nyob tom qab qhov kho qhov muag rov qab tau raug txheeb xyuas.

Cov ntaub ntawv sau npe ua haujlwm ua ib lub hauv paus rau kev nrhiav qhov txhaum tom qab. Kev ntsuas passive-txoj kev sib nrug ntawm kev tsheb thiab xov tooj cua qhia tau hais tias qhov twg ntawm qhov kev sib txuas tau hloov pauv. Nyob rau hauv cov tsev apartment, kuj tseem nco ntsoov cov cables uas khiav los ntawm kev sib koom risers los yog ib qho chaw, txij li kev nkag mus rau cov seem yog teem nrog lub tsev es tsis yog nyob rau hauv ib lub tsev.

Txhim kho lub network

Kev saib xyuas tau yooj yim dua hauv qee qhov chaw thiab hnyav dua hauv lwm qhov. Yog hais tias ib chav poob qhov kev pab cuam, nws qhov kev sib txuas kho qhov muag muab qhov pib taw qhia. Qhov txhaum yuav nyob rau hauv lub patch cord, tsau fiber ntau, kho qhov muag interface, chav tsev ntaus ntawv los yog lub zos fais fab mov. Yog tias ob peb chav ua tsis tau ua ke, lub rooj sib koom sib koom, cov khoom siv sib sau ua ke, kev sib txuas ntawm cov dej ntws thiab kev sib koom ua ke yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas ib yam.

Hauv cov chav tsev, ib feem ntawm cov cabling tuaj yeem khiav los ntawm cov risers sib koom thiab cov chaw sib xws es tsis yog hauv ib lub tsev. Ua haujlwm ntawm ntu ntawd, thiab nkag mus rau nws, nyiam koom nrog lub tsev ntau dua li ib tsev neeg, yog li kev saib xyuas muaj kev sib koom tes ntau npaum li ib qho kev ua haujlwm. Ib qho txhaum nyob rau hauv ib chav tsev txuas nyob rau hauv lub tsev; ib qho txhaum nyob rau hauv seem sib koom tsis.

Kev siv zog kuj nyob ntawm qhov kev siv. Ib qho qauv tsim nrog cov hloov pauv sab nraud muaj cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob sib cais ntau dua li qhov sib piv kev tsim qauv. Patch-connected fixed fiber ntau yooj yim hloov, tab sis cov cuab yeej hloov pauv tseem xav tau cov khoom siv kho qhov muag thiab yuav xav tau kev teeb tsa. Copper Ethernet kuj tseem muaj cov kev sib txuas ntawm tus kheej thiab cov hlua hloov pauv tau, yog li nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si qhov zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev tswj xyuas cov cuab yeej txiav txim siab ceev npaum li cas raug cais tawm.

G.9930 ntu 10 txheeb xyuas TR-069 thiab TR-369 raws li qhov ua tau IP tswj kev cai, nrog TR-181 cov qauv ntaub ntawv. Txawm hais tias ib qho khoom siv txhawb nqa lawv yuav tsum tau tsim los ntawm nws cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev sim. Cov ntawv qhia chaw nres nkoj, cov ntsiab lus kawg, cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa thiab kev ntsuas kev ua haujlwm yuav tsum tau hloov kho thaum twg cov khoom siv lossis cov cabling hloov.

Daim ntawv teev npe xa mus rau cov tsev nyob sab Europe

Ua ntej xaiv ntawm G.p2pf thiab G.fin rau lub tsev lossis lub tsev, cov lus nug no tig cov ntu saum toj no rau hauv qhov chaw kuaj xyuas.

Tshawb xyuas	Lus nug
Txoj kev uas twb muaj lawm	Cov fiber ntau puas tuaj yeem rub los ntawm cov ducts uas twb muaj lawm lossis qhov chaw ntim khoom, lossis muab tso rau hauv qhov pom tsis zoo, tsis qhib cov phab ntsa tiav (G.9930 ntu 9.7.2)?
Chav tsev qauv	Puas yog txoj kev siv cov riser sib koom lossis txoj hauv kev ntiag tug, thiab leej twg npaj nkag mus rau ntu sib koom?
Chav tseem ceeb	Cov chav twg xav tau kev kho qhov muag rov qab ua ntej, thiab muaj pes tsawg qhov chaw kho qhov muag qhov rooj muaj?
Fiber suav	Muaj pes tsawg fibers lossis fiber ntau yuav tsum muaj txoj kev nqa: ib chav tsev rau G.p2pf, lossis tejzaum nws tsawg dua los ntawm ib tsob ntoo sib koom rau G.fin?
Cov ntsiab lus txuas	Lub hauv paus kev sib txuas ntawm qhov chaw nruab nrab thiab chav tsev qhov hluav taws xob nyob qhov twg, thiab ua cov hlua txuas txuas ruaj khov rau cov khoom siv (G.9930 ntu 9.7.3)?
Hwj chim	Puas yog txhua chav tsev siv hluav taws xob hauv zos, lossis pub dhau ib qho khoom siv kho qhov muag / hluav taws xob sib txuas (G.9930 ntu 9.7.4)?
Kev tu	Puas yog txhua qhov txuas yuav raug sau tseg thiab sim ib tus zuj zus, thiab leej twg yog tus tswv ntawm cov kev sib koom ntawm txoj kev?

Pom zoo FTTR installation accessories

Nto fiber ntau routing, tiv thaiv phab ntsa nkag thiab nkag mus rau cov ntsiab lus txiav tawm tuaj yeem pab muab cov npe xa mus rau kev xyaum. Cov nram qab no passive accessories thiab cov cuab yeej installation yog cov kev xaiv los txiav txim siab thaum npaj txoj hauv kev hauv tsev fiber ntau. Match cable qhov ntev, kev sib txuas kev npaj thiab kev teeb tsa rau qhov project tiag.

Clear fiber pathway - 1.0 mm cable; product illustration extracted from the FTTR Solution brochure, page 7

Clear fiber ntau - 1.0 hli cable

Ib txoj hauv kev PE pob tshab thiab npog rau kev xa cov fiber ntau raws phab ntsa sab hauv. Xav txog nws qhov chaw pom qhov chaw zoo dua rau qhib cov phab ntsa tiav.

Profile (H × W): 3.6 × 3.5 hli. Cable txoj kab uas hla: 1.0 ± 0.1 hli. Ntshiab tiav; sab hauv phab ntsa mounting.

Xaiv qhov profile no tsuas yog tom qab kuaj xyuas qhov tseeb cable kab thiab qhov xav tau fiber ntau suav rau txhua chav txuas.

Sib tham txog qhov yuav tsum tau ua

Clear fiber pathway - 1.8 mm cable; product illustration extracted from the FTTR Solution brochure, page 7

Clear fiber ntau - 1.8 hli cable

Txoj kev loj dua pob tshab muab qhov chaw ntim rau daim ntawv qhia txog 1.8 mm cable kev xaiv, nrog rau ib lub npog cais hla lub cable channel.

Profile (H × W): 6.5 × 5 mm. Cable txoj kab uas hla: 1.8 ± 0.1 hli. Kev tsim kho PE; sab hauv phab ntsa mounting.

Xaiv cov kev tsim kho cable thiab txoj kev muaj peev xwm rau qhov xaiv topology; txoj kev loj ib leeg tsis tsim muaj fiber ntau suav.

Sib tham txog qhov yuav tsum tau ua

Fiber point-of-entry box - fusion type; product illustration extracted from the FTTR Solution brochure, page 4

Fiber point-of-entry box - fusion hom

Ib qho chaw sab hauv tsev rau kev teeb tsa thiab tiv thaiv fusion splices qhov twg cov khoom siv fiber ntau hloov mus rau sab hauv txoj kev.

Qhov siab tshaj plaws splice muaj peev xwm: 24 fibers; tray muaj peev xwm: 24 fibers. Ob lub cable nkag thiab ob qhov tawm. Qhov Loj (H × W × D): 116 × 62 × 20 mm.

Dawb PC / ABS enclosure; IP43; phab ntsa mounting. Daim ntawv teev npe tsis muaj adapter lossis cov khoom siv kho qhov muag. Catalog lub npe: POE Box-Fusion Hom.

Sib tham txog qhov yuav tsum tau ua

Fiber point-of-entry box - SC type; product illustration extracted from the FTTR Solution brochure, page 5

Fiber point-of-entry box - SC hom

Ib qho chaw sab hauv SC-adapter enclosure rau kev npaj ib qho kev hloov pauv ntawm cov fiber ntau nkag lossis txiav tawm.

Adapter hom: SC. Ib kab nkag thiab ib qho tawm. Qhov Loj (H × W × D): 150 × 50 × 20 mm. Dawb PC / ABS; IP43; phab ntsa mounting.

Daim ntawv teev npe tsis muaj peev xwm splice lossis kho qhov muag thiab tsis qhia SC chaw nres nkoj suav lossis APC / UPC tiav. Catalog lub npe: POE Box-SC Hom.

Sib tham txog qhov yuav tsum tau ua

Micro fiber point-of-entry wall cover; product illustration extracted from the FTTR Solution brochure, page 6

Micro fiber point-of-entry phab ntsa npog

Ib daim npog npog rau phab ntsa nkag mus thiab kev hloov ntawm cable, nrog rau txoj hauv kev cable thiab strapping point qhia hauv daim ntawv qhia.

Qhov Loj (H × W × D): 40 × 40 × 40 mm. Ib kab nkag thiab ib qho tawm. Dawb PC / ABS; IP43; sab hauv phab ntsa mounting.

Daim ntawv teev npe tsis muaj peev xwm splice, adapter lossis khoom siv kho qhov muag. Catalog lub npe: Micro POE Phab ntsa npog.

Sib tham txog qhov yuav tsum tau ua

Fiber pathway installation tool; product illustration extracted from the FTTR Solution brochure, page 8

Fiber pathway installation cuab yeej

Ib qho cuab yeej tshwj xeeb rau kev tso cov fiber ntau rau hauv txoj kev ntog thaum lub sijhawm teeb tsa hauv tsev. Nws txhawb nqa txoj haujlwm routing uas tau tham hauv daim ntawv teev npe xa mus.

Cov npe cable loj: 0.9 hli thiab 1.8 hli. Zuag qhia tag nrho qhov ntev: 100 × 85 × 35 mm. Dawb PC / ABS kev tsim kho.

Paub meej tias lub cuab yeej, txoj kev thiab cable ua ke ua ke ua ntej kev teeb tsa. Catalog lub npe: Fiber Pathway Installation Tool.

Sib tham txog qhov yuav tsum tau ua

Technical references

[1] Andreas Bluschke thiab Gerhard Kafka,FTTR, 2025, pp. 62 to 67. G.p2pf architecture and implementation; G.hn variant pib ntawm p. 67.

[2] ITU-T G.9930, cov ntawv hauv paus thiab cov kev hloov kho, suav nrog Kev Hloov Kho 2 tau pom zoo rau 29 Kaum Ib Hlis 2025. Architecture, PHY kev xaiv, cabling, kev tswj hwm thiab cov ntaub ntawv txuas ntxiv siv cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv.

[3] ITU-T G.9940. G.fin system architecture.

[4] Ronald Heron, Jan Bouwen, Alfonso Fernandez Duran thiab Frank van der Putten,Technology Txheej txheem cej luam ntawm P2P FTTR Solutions, IEEE ICC Workshops 2024, pp. 293 txog 299.

[5] Fluke Networks 10GBASE-T Field Test Requirements. Cat 6A channels thiab 100 m 10GBASE-T kev txhawb nqa.

[6] IEEE 802.3cp cov ntaub ntawv ua haujlwm. Kev pom zoo ntawm IEEE Std 802.3cp-2021.

[7] ETSI TS 103 933 V1.1.1. Kev xa tawm fiber ntau rau kev sib txuas hauv tsev.

[8] ITU-T L.109.1. Hom II kho qhov muag / hluav taws xob hybrid cables rau cov ntsiab lus nkag thiab lwm yam khoom siv davhlau ya nyob twg.

[9] FOA Fiber Optic Kev Xeem. Insertion-lossis ntsuas thiab kev sib piv nrog suav cable-cog poob pob nyiaj siv.

[10] European Commission, Kev Pabcuam Kev Sib Txuas Hauv Tebchaws Europe 2025. EU27 FTTP kev pab them nqi.

[11] Movistar FTTR kev pabcuam (Spain). Ib qho kev lag luam muaj, ua haujlwm FTTR kev pabcuam.

[12] Eurostat, Kev faib tawm ntawm cov pej xeem los ntawm hom tsev (EU-SILC, dataset ilc_lvho01). Hauv 2024, 48% ntawm EU cov pej xeem nyob hauv ib lub tsev.

[13] Gavin Young thiab Bruno Cornaglia (Vodafone), Vodafone Vision rau FTTR. ITU-T Rhiav, 22 Lub Kaum Hli 2025. Cov neeg ua haujlwm yuav tsum tau ua rau FTTR, suav nrog kev xaiv tus kheej-rau-taw tes raws li G.p2pf thiab kev sib raug zoo nrog cov lag luam wholesale FTTH.

[14] LightCounting, Fiber-To-the-Room (FTTR) kho Wi-Fi teeb meem thiab txhim kho cov neeg siv khoom txaus siab nrog cov kev pabcuam dav dav. Cov ntawv xov xwm LightTrends, Kaum Ob Hlis 2024. Txog 30 lab FTTR cov neeg siv khoom hauv Suav teb thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2024.

[15] ETSI TS 103 247 V1.1.1, Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM); Singlemode Optical Fiber System Specifications rau Tsev Cable. Lub Cuaj Hlis 2015. suav nrog G.hn-raws li qhov piv txwv ntawm thaj chaw kho qhov muag hauv tsev (Annex B).