Dab tsi yog Fiber Optic Termination Box Ua
A fiber optic termination box(FTB) yog qhov kev tiv thaiv enclosure qhov twg cov khoom siv fiber ntau optic cable xaus thiab nws cov fibers ib leeg yog spliced, ruaj ntseg, thiab nthuav tawm ntawm cov chaw nres nkoj adapter rau kev sib txuas rau thaj cords lossis cov khoom siv. Nws yog qhov kawg tswj passive taw tes nyob rau hauv qhov txuas ua ntej lub teeb liab mus txog ONT, hloov, los yog kawg ntaus ntawv - cov khoom uas hloov ib tug raw, fragile cable mus rau hauv ib lub koom haum, serviceable interface. Hauv FTTH, FTTB, thiab cov khoom siv-chav cabling, nws tiv thaiv splices, tswj khoov vojvoog, thiab ua kom lub network tswj tau raws li kev pab cuam lub neej ntawm lub installation.
Thoob plaws hauv kev lag luam, tib cov khoom muag tau muag hauv ntau lub npe:fiber ntau termination box, Optical Terminal Box (OTB),fiber optic davhlau ya nyob twg box, thiab - nyob rau hauv kev nkag tau -network contexts -FTTH termination box. Kev ua haujlwm zoo ib yam tsis hais txog daim ntawv lo.
Fiber optic termination box (FTB) xaus thiab tiv thaiv fiber ntau thaum kawg ntawm kev khiav cable. Nws ua plaub txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb -khocov kab hluav taws xob tuaj,splicingfibers rau pigtails,xauslawv ntawm cov chaw nres nkoj adapter, thiabkhaws ciaslack ntawm lub vojvoog khoov tswj. Feem ntau cov chaw nres nkoj suav yog 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, thiab 48. Nws yog mounted rau ntawm phab ntsa, nyob rau hauv ib lub khib, los yog nyob rau hauv ib tug ncej, nrog ib tug IP ntsuam xyuas xaiv kom haum rau ib puag ncig. Nyob rau hauv ib qho kev lees txais, ib qho kev sib txuas huv, raug sib raug zoo feem ntau yog tsom rau tsawg dua lossis sib npaug ntawm 0.3 dB qhov poob, raug rau qhov project specification thiab xeem txoj kev.
Plaub lub luag haujlwm txhua FTB ua haujlwm
- Fixing & strain nyem:cov khoom siv cable yog clamped yog li cov khoom siv thauj khoom tsis tuaj yeem ncav cuag lub khob.
- Splicing:fibers yog fusion-splice rau ua ntej-connectorized pigtails nyob rau hauv ib tug splice tais, nrog txhua splice tiv thaiv los ntawm tshav kub-shrink tes tsho. Hauv zoo- tswj kev ua haujlwm, fusion-splice poob feem ntau yog tsom rau ntawm 0.05 dB; kev nyeem ntawv tsis tu ncua saum 0.1 dB yuav tsum tau tshawb xyuas ua ntej lub thawv kaw.
- Kev txiav txim:pigtail connectors ntsaws rau hauv lub vaj huam sib luag adapter, nthuav tawm cov chaw huv si, kuaj tau.
- Cia:fiber ntau yog coiled nyob rau hauv lub tais saum toj no qhov tsawg kawg nkaus khoov vojvoog kom nws thiaj li re- ua hauj lwm tom qab tsis tau txiav.
Qhov twg FTB zaum hauv ODN
Hauv kev xa tawm PON, Optical Distribution Network (ODN) khiav los ntawm OLT (Optical Line Terminal) ntawm lub chaw ua haujlwm hauv nruab nrab, los ntawmfeeder kabmus rau ib tug splitter txee los yog sab nraum zoovfiber ntau faib lub thawv, ces raws li tus kheejpoob kabrau txhua tus neeg siv khoom qhov chaw. FTB zaum ntawm qhov kawg ntawm qhov poob: nws yog lub davhlau ya nyob twg taw tes qhov chaw nres nkoj xaim thiab txhua tus neeg siv khoom siv fiber ntau tau nthuav tawm raws li qhov chaw nres nkoj adapter. Nyob rau sab nraud ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj, ib txoj hlua luv luv txuas mus rau ONT (Optical Network Terminal), uas ua haujlwm kho qhov muag - mus rau - hluav taws xob hloov dua siab tshiab. Hauv ob qho tib si GPON thiab XGS-PON xa tawm, APC- polished connectors feem ntau tau teev tseg ntawm FTB kom txo qis rov qab xav thiab txhawb nqa kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov.
Ntau FTTH nco cables siv khoov-insensitive fiber ntau xws li G.657.A2. Qhov no ua rau routing nyob rau hauv compact phab ntsa-mount thawv ntau zam txim ntau dua ib txwm ib txwm ib txwm- hom fiber ntau, tab sis nws tsis tshem tawm qhov xav tau rau kev tswj slack cia thiab ceev faj routing.
Termination Box vs Distribution Box vs ODF vs Splice Kaw
Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv kev yuav khoom fiber ntau, thiab cov lus nug ntau tus neeg yuav khoom tau muaj thaum lawv tshawb nrhiav "lub thawv txiav." Cov khoom siv plaub no sib tshooj hauv cov khoom siv - lawv tuaj yeem kho, sib txuas, lossis khaws cov fiber ntau - tab sis lawv zaum ntawm ntau txheej ntawm ODN thiab yogtsis yogsib pauv tau. Xaiv los ntawm cov khoom npe es tsis yog lub luag haujlwm hauv lub network yog li cas cov phiaj xwm xaus rau re-kab kab ntawm thawj qhov nthuav dav.
| Ntaus | Network lub luag hauj lwm / ODN txheej | Hom chaw nres nkoj | Nws nyob qhov twg | Splitter sab hauv? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Termination Box (FTB / OTB) | Kev txiav tawm zaum kawg - tus neeg siv khoom lossis lub tsev xaus ntawm qhov poob | 2–48 | Chav tsev, txoj kev hauv tsev, tsev nkag, desktop | xaiv tau |
| Distribution Box (FDB / NAP) | Distribution point - splits feeder rau ntau lub xaim xaim | 8–48 | Sab nraum phab ntsa, ncej, pedestal, txoj kev txee | Feem ntau yog (PLC splitter) |
| ODF (Optical Distribution Frame) | Chaw ua haujlwm hauv nruab nrab / cov ntaub ntawv- tswj hwm qaum qaum | 12–576+ | CO cov khoom siv chav, cov ntaub ntawv -chaw cable tais | Tsis tshua muaj |
| Splice Kaw | Nruab nrab -span cable sib koom - tsis muaj cov neeg siv khoom nkag | 12-576 : kuv | faus, aerial, manhole, nruab nrab - txoj kev | xaiv tau |
Tus qauv kev puas siab puas ntsws: asplice kaw koom fiber ntau thiab tawm nws koom- tsis muaj ntsaws- hauv cov chaw nres nkoj, nws raug kaw thiab tsis nco qab nyob nruab nrab - txoj kev. Atermination box xaus cov fiber ntau thiab nthuav tawm cov chaw nres nkojkoj tuaj yeem ntsaws rau hauv thiab unplug. Afaib lub thawv yog ib lub thawv txiav tawm uas tseem sib caisib tug feeder rau ntau tee, feem ntau nrog ib tug 1:8 los yog 1:16 PLC splitter nyob rau hauv; hauv FTTH xyaum qhov no feem ntau hu ua NAP lub thawv (Network Access Point) lossis cov txee cais. IbODF yog lub thawv txiav ua tiavrau lub hauv paus chaw ua hauj lwm, qhov uas ceev thiab tus txheej txheem kev tswj teeb meem ntau tshaj li qhov sib thooj rau cov neeg siv khoom. Yog tias koj tuaj yeem unplug lub connector, nws tsis yog kaw. Yog hais tias nws zaum ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj OLT thiab ib pawg ntawm cov xaim xaim nrog lub splitter sab hauv, nws yog lub thawv xa khoom, tsis yog lub thawv txiav.
Box Hom los ntawm Mounting thiab Ib puag ncig
FTBs yog categorized ua ntej raws li lawv mount, uas nyob rau hauv lem drives khoom, sealing, thiab muaj peev xwm. Peb lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb:
Phab ntsa-mount termination box
Lub neej ntawd rau FTTH ib leeg -lub tsev thiab MDU ua haujlwm. Compact, lub teeb yuag PC + ABS los yog ABS enclosures mounted ntawm lub tsev nkag, nyob rau hauv MDU txoj kev risers, los yog nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg lub tsev. Peev xwm khiav 2 mus rau 24 chaw nres nkoj. Cov chav nyob sab hauv yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev hneev taw thiab kev yooj yim ntawm kev nkag; phab ntsa sab nraum zoov-mount units ntxiv UV-cov khoom tiv thaiv thiab IP sealing. Hauv MDU riser deployments, 12- lossis 24-chaw nres nkoj phab ntsa-mount lub thawv ntawm txhua pem teb ua haujlwm raws li qhov chaw xa khoom nruab nrab ntawm txoj kab xaim ntsug thiab ib chav tsev poob - ib qho ODN topology nyob rau hauv cov tsev apartment uas khiav ib tug neeg poob cables ncaj qha mus rau txoj kev-theem faib taw tes yog impractical.
Khib-mount termination box (fiber thaj vaj huam sib luag)
1U lossis 2U hlau chav tsev rau cov ntaub ntawv chaw thiab cov khoom siv chav tsev, nquag hu ua fiber ntau thaj vaj huam sib luag. zawv zawg- tus tsim cov tub rau khoom cia tus kws tshaj lij rub lub tais rau pem hauv ntej kom nkag mus rau qhov sib txuas yam tsis muaj de-racking chav tsev. Cov pa densities yog 12, 24, thiab 48 ports ib RU; siab- qhov ceev MPO/MTP variants ncav cuag 96 mus rau 144 fibers ib 1U, ua rau lawv txoj kev xaiv rau 40G / 100G parallel-fiber backbone daim ntaub ntawv uas ib tug neeg SC los yog LC ports yuav xav tau ib tug unmanageable cable ntim. Qhov no yog qhov twg FTB sib koom ua ke rau hauv thaj chaw ODF - qhov sib txawv ua ib qho ntawm cov nplai ntau dua li kev ua haujlwm.
Sab nraum zoov fiber ntau termination box thiab ncej-mount termination box
Engineered rau ib puag ncig hnyav: UV- ruaj khov PC + ABS lossis PP + GF sib xyaw, gasket sealing, tiv thaiv - tub sab nyiag, thiab tensile - kuaj cable nkag. Cov no ncav cuag IP65 rau IP68 thiab mount rau sab nrauv phab ntsa lossis cov ncej hluav taws xob. Cov xwm txheej me me sab nraum zoov (tsev, kev soj ntsuam tee) siv 4–12 core yas thawv; lub tsev kawm ntawv thiab cov ntsiab lus sib sau ua ke siv 24-core- ntxiv rau cov thawv hlau nrog cov chaw nres nkoj tsis tu ncua. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas muaj kev cuam tshuam los yog kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev siv tshuab tsis zoo yog qhov kev txhawj xeeb tiag tiag - cov ncej ntawm txoj kev, hauv av- theem pedestals - nrhiav qhov ntsuas IK ntxiv rau qhov kev xaiv IP. IK10 (ib IEC 62262) qhia txog kev tiv thaiv rau 20 joules ntawm kev cuam tshuam lub zog thiab yog tus qauv siv tau rau ncej-mount thiab pedestal-mount faib cov ntsiab lus. IP npog ingress; IK npog qhov cuam tshuam; ib lub thawv nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw tsheb loj yuav tsum tau ob qho tib si.
Ib daim ntawv thib plaub uas tsim nyog sau cia:pedestal thiab dome enclosuresrau faus lossis hauv av faib cov ntsiab lus, feem ntau IP68- ntsuas thiab tsim los tiv thaiv dej nyab ntau dua li kev txuas phab ntsa. Cov no yog siv nyob rau hauv faus -infrastructure FTTH tsim qhov twg qhov chaw faib khoom yog teem rau hauv qab-qib vault es tsis yog ntawm ib tug ncej.
Ob tug txheej txheem theem nrab txiav hla tag nrho peb:ncaj-los ntawm (qab-joint)thawv txoj kab linearly thiab txhawb nqa branching, thaumsplitter -npajcov thawv cia chaw rau mount aPLC splittersab hauv, tig lub FTB mus rau hauv ib qho chaw faib khoom me me rau GPON/XGS-PON nkag network.
Port Capacity: Yuav Ua Li Cas Tiag Tiag
Cov kev xaiv feem ntau teev cov chaw nres nkoj suav thiab nres. Cov lus nug nyuaj dua - ib qho uas txiav txim siab seb koj puas rov qab los dua -kab kab hauv ob xyoos - yog qhov loj npaum li cas kom raug. Txoj cai teb uas tsis tu ncua nyob rau hauv -sizing:npaj kom tsis pub ntau tshaj 80% ntawm cov chaw nres nkoj ntawm commissioning, tseg 20% rau kev loj hlob thiab rov- ua haujlwm.
| Qhov chaw nyob | Thawj - lub thawv xaiv | Tshawb xyuas ua ntej xaj |
|---|---|---|
| Ib leeg FTTH cov neeg siv khoom kawg | 2- lossis 4-chaw nres nkoj phab ntsa-mount FTB | SC/APC adapter, poob - cable nkag, kev ntsuam xyuas sab hauv / sab nraum zoov |
| MDU pem teb lossis chaw ua haujlwm me me | 8 - mus rau 24-chaw nres nkoj phab ntsa-mount FTB | Splice tais muaj peev xwm, qhov chaw sau npe, 20% cov chaw nres nkoj |
| Sab nraum phab ntsa lossis ncej nkag nkag | IP65+ sab nraum zoov FTB lossis splitter-npaj lub thawv | UV- cov khoom ruaj khov, lub qog sealing, IK ntsuam xyuas yog raug |
| Cov ntaub ntawv chaw lossis chav tsev khoom siv | 1U/2U khib-mount thaj vaj huam sib luag | LC ceev, cable tswj, zawv zawg tais nkag |
| Chaw nres nkoj | Tej daim ntawv thov | Populate ntawm commissioning |
|---|---|---|
| 2 chaw nres nkoj | Ib lub tsev (FTTH vaj tse), kev soj ntsuam poob, ib leeg - tus neeg xauj tsev nkag | 1 fiber ntau + 1 spare |
| 4 chaw nres nkoj | Lub tsev me nrog ob qhov kev pabcuam, villa nrog kev nthuav dav yav tom ntej | 2-3 fibers |
| 8 port ua | Me me MDU pem teb, me chaw ua hauj lwm ceg | 6 fibers |
| 12 chaw nres nkoj | MDU riser, nruab nrab -loj chaw ua haujlwm, qhov chaw nkag hauv tsev | 9-10 fiber ntau |
| 24 port ua | MDU kev sib sau, kev faib tawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv, cov ntaub ntawv - kab nruab nrab | ~ 19 fiber ntau |
| 48 port ua | Rack-mount data center, central-chaw ua haujlwm ntug, siab-lub tsev kawm ntawv ceev | ~ 38 fiber ntau |
Hauv GPON lossis XGS-PON thaj chaw xa tawm, ODN nqa ib qho kev faib tawm fiber ntau rau OLT chaw nres nkoj los ntawm CO mus rau qhov sib cais, qhov twg 1:32 lossis 1:64 PLC splitter kiv cua tawm mus rau ib tus neeg siv khoom poob cables. Txhua tus xaim xaim xaus ntawm ib tus neeg siv khoom FTB - feem ntau yog 2- lossis 4- lub thawv chaw nres nkoj. Cov lus nug sizing ntawm lub thawv xa khoom sib txawv: 1: 32 splitter pab 32 cov neeg siv khoom xav tau lub thawv xa khoom nrog tsawg kawg 32 qhov chaw nres nkoj ntxiv rau cov khoom seem. Hauv qab - qhov loj me ntawm lub thawv xa khoom ntawm qhov sib faib taw tes yuam tus nqi ODN rov- ua haujlwm raws li tus neeg siv khoom noj - nce zuj zus; over-sizing tus subscriber FTB nkim nyiaj ntawm txhua lub tsev-pass. Qhia ob qhov sib txawv.
Ib qho kev hloov pauv me me: lub thawv 8-ntxhais tsuas yog xa 8 qhov chaw ua haujlwm yog tias lub tais routing thiab slack cia ua tiav. Yog tias koj tus qauv tsim xav hauv cov suav fiber ntau ntau dua li cov chaw nres nkoj siv tau, koj tuaj yeem hais qhia lub thawv uas tuav cov fibers tab sis tsis tuaj yeem txiav kom huv si. Tsim ib ncigsiv tau ports, thiab paub meej tias lub tais splice tau hais tias muaj peev xwm sib cais - lawv tsis yog tib tus lej.
SC vs LC Adapter Xaiv
Lub vaj huam sib luag adapter yog tus neeg siv -fab lub interface ntawm lub thawv, thiab cov qauv txuas uas koj tau teev tseg ntawm no nthuav tawm mus rau txhua txoj hlua khi thiab pigtail hauv kev xa tawm. Ob hom ntawv tswj FTB ua haujlwm:
| Qhov xwm txheej | SC | LC | MPO/MTP |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hneev taw | Loj (square latch) | Ib nrab qhov loj me (me me daim foos factor) | Multi-fiber ribbon connector |
| Fibers rau kev sib txuas | 1 | 1 | 8, 12, lossis 24 |
| Qhov ntom | qis | ~ 2 × ib lub vaj huam sib luag vs SC | Siab tshaj - 144 fibers/1U raug |
| Kev siv tshwj xeeb | FTTH nkag, GPON/XGS-PON, kev txiav tawm dav dav | Cov ntaub ntawv chaw, siab -cov vaj huam sib luag ntom ntom, kev lag luam | 40G / 100G qaum pob txha, cov pob txha pob txha |
| Kev tuav teb | Yooj yim thawb-rub, hnab looj tes- phooj ywg | Compact; nruj kom nkag tau thaum ntom ntom | Yuav tsum tau keyed alignment; tsawg dua hauv FTTH |
| Tej yam polish | SC / APC rau PON (ntsuab khau raj, 8℃kaum sab xis) | LC / UPC lossis LC / APC nyob ntawm daim ntawv thov | APC variant muaj; UPC ntau dua |
Rau ib qho PON / FTTH nkag mus rau kev xa tawm, qhia meejSC / APC (lub kaum sab xis tiv tauj, 8 degree, khau raj ntsuab), tsis yog UPC. SC/APC connectors feem ntau nyiam nyob rau hauv GPON thiab XGS-PON networks vim hais tias lawv cov angled endface txo rov qab xav txog piv nrog UPC connectors. Kev sib xyaw APC thiab UPC cov khoom sib txuas ntawm tib qho kev sib txuas tuaj yeem ua rau kom tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam thiab txo qis kev ua haujlwm kho qhov muag. Cov xim khau raj yog koj qhov kev tiv thaiv:ntsuab ntsib ntsuab. Blue (UPC) ntsib xiav. Tsis txhob hla lawv ntawm tib qho kev sib txuas.
Kev ntsuas IP thiab sib piv lub thawv rau ib puag ncig
Qhov yuam kev FTB kim tshaj plaws tsis yog yuav qhov chaw nres nkoj tsis raug suav - nws tab tom siv lub thawv sab hauv tsev - ntsuas qhov twg noo noo, plua plav, lossis hnub yuav ncav cuag nws. Thaum cov dej nkag mus rau hauv ib lub thawv, qhov kev poob qis nce thiab lub thawv tsis ua tiav ntawm lub sijhawm ntsuas hauv lub hlis, tsis yog xyoo. Sib piv qhov Ingress Protection ntsuam xyuas rau qhov chaw tiag tiag, thiab yog tias qhov chaw pom nag, condensation, plua plav, lossis lub hnub ncaj qha, kho nws sab nraum zoov txawm tias nws yog technically "sab hauv."
| Kev ntsuas | Kev tiv thaiv | Siv rau |
|---|---|---|
| Sab Hauv Tsev (tsis muaj IP / IP30) | Cov plua plav yooj yim nkaus xwb | Conditioned nyob sab hauv tsev, khoom siv chav |
| IP65 | Plua plav- nruj; tiv thaiv dej dav hlau los ntawm txhua qhov kev taw qhia | Sab nraum phab ntsa / ncej qhov twg los nag & plua plav tshwm sim, tsis muaj kev pheej hmoo submersion |
| IP67 | Plua plav- nruj; immersion ib ntus mus rau 1 m rau 30 min | Tawm sab nraum zoov, muaj kev pheej hmoo dej nyab qee zaus, hauv av- theem nruab |
| IP68 | Plua plav- nruj; nruam submersion ntawm chaw tsim tshuaj paus- qhov tob tshwj xeeb | faus, pedestal, dej nyab-qhov chaw nyob, hnyav- huab cua aggregation |
| NEMA 4 X | Huab cua + corrosion kuj (North American sib npaug) | US/Canada sab nraum zoov specs, ntug hiav txwv dej los yog siab - huab cua puag ncig |
| IK08 / IB 10 | Kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo - 5 J (IK08) lossis 20 J (IK10) rau IEC 62262 | Ncej -mount, streetside, pedestal, txhua qhov chaw uas muaj kev cuam tshuam los yog kev tawm tsam |
Kev ntsuam xyuas IP raug lees paub raws li kev tswj xyuas hauv chav kuaj mob thiab thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom. Tiag -kev ua tau zoo hauv ntiaj teb yog nyob ntawm cov khoom siv gasket zoo, UV ruaj khov ntawm lub cev, thiab kev teeb tsa zoo. High-cov ntaub ntawv gasket zoo tswj kev sib khi ua haujlwm zoo dua nyob rau lub sijhawm ntev- sab nraum zoov raug thiab kub hloov pauv. Rau chav nyob sab nraum zoov qhia UV-stabilized PC + ABS lossis PP + GF sib xyaw; Cov khoom tsis ruaj khov yuav ua rau nkig tsis pub dhau 2-3 xyoos tom qab tshav ntuj nyob rau hauv siab - huab cua UV. Kev teeb tsa sab nraum zoov FTB kom raug nrog cov ntaub ntawv zoo siv sijhawm 10-20 xyoo; ib tug raug ntsuas tab sis tsis zoo ntsia thawv yuav ua tsis tau nyob rau hauv ob lub caij los nag.
Rau cov chav nyob sab nraum zoov, kuj paub meej tias lub cable- nkag strain-relief specification tiv thaiv hom cable thiab qhov project yuav tsum tau. Qee qhov kev sib txuas sab nraum zoov tau teev tseg nrog lub zog tensile siab -load yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv IEC 60794-txog kev ntsuam xyuas tshuab, tab sis tus nqi raug yog nyob ntawm tus qauv cable, caj pas tsim, thiab txoj kev teeb tsa. Rau kev siv tau rau sab nraum zoov, ntxiv ib qho kev tiv thaiv - tub sab tub nyiag los yog tamper-resistant kaw.
Kauj ruam -los ntawm - Kauj ruam Installation
Lub thawv tuaj yeem ntsia tau raug thiab tseem ua tsis tau tom qab vim tias cov fibers tau dhau los nruj heev, cov kab sib txuas tau raug teeb tsa tsis raug, lossis cov kab nkag tsis tau ruaj ntseg zoo. Cov kab ke hauv qab no qhia txog thaj chaw- pov thawj kev ua haujlwm rau FTTH txiav tawm haujlwm. Kev nyab xeeb ua ntej: hnav laser- tsom iav kev nyab xeeb, tsis txhob saib mus rau hauv fiber ntau, thiab saib xyuas cov iav shards los ntawm sawb-thiab- txheej txheem ntxuav.
- Paub meej lub thawv hom thiab ib puag ncig.Ua ntej drilling, txheeb xyuas lub npov IP qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov chaw qhov xwm txheej (tsis yog nws qhov kev faib npe), thiab qhov chaw nres nkoj suav nrog koj tus qauv tsim ntxiv rau 20% cia. Paub meej tias koj muaj qhov tseeb adapter polish - SC/APC rau PON.
- Mount nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ruaj khov, siv tau.Nyob sab hauv tsev, xyuas kom muaj phab ntsa lossis khib qhov chaw thiab kev tshem tawm txaus rau kev tswj xyuas cable. Sab nraum zoov, paub meej tias lub mount nto tuaj yeem txhawb nqa lub thawv ntim hnyav hauv qab cua thauj khoom, tsis txhob sab qab teb - ntsib lub hnub ncaj qha rau ntawm cov ntaub thaiv yas uas tsis muaj UV shading, thiab tawm hauv chav ua haujlwm rau yav tom ntej. Hauv pem teb hlau enclosures ib lub zos hluav taws xob codes.
- Ruaj ntseg cable nkag thiab strain nyem.Txoj hauv kev los ntawm cov kab txuas los ntawm lub caj pas thiab clamp nws kom tag nrho cov khoom siv thauj khoom raug coj los ntawm txoj hlua - nyem clamp, tsis txhob muaj fiber ntau. Tighten lub caj pas mus rau cov chaw tsim khoom lub torque spec. Xyuas tias lub caj pas compression nplhaib tsim cov dej- nruj sealing ntawm lub tsho cable - ib qho kev omission nyob rau sab nraum zoov.
- Tshem tawm, ntxuav, thiab npaj cov fiber ntau.Tshem lub tsho thiab tsis rau qhov ntev ntawm lub tais splice xav tau; ntxuav txhua fiber nrog lint -dawb so thiab isopropyl cawv. Kev kis kab mob nyob rau theem no ua splice poob. Khaws qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm 0.5-1.0 m ntawm cable slack hauv lub thawv kom nqus tau cov thermal contraction yav tom ntej yam tsis muaj kev sib kis mus rau hauv lub tais.
- Fusion-splice fibers rau pigtails.Cleave, sib dhos, thiab fuse txhua fiber ntau rau pigtail. Ib qho zoo fusion splice pab txhawb kwv yees li 0.05 dB; ib yam dab tsi tsis tu ncua saum 0.1 dB yuav tsum tau rov ua dua - ua ntej yuav mus. Tiv thaiv txhua qhov splice nrog lub tshav kub-shrink tes tsho thiab zaum kom raug nyob rau hauv lub splice tray tus tuav tuav - tsis txhob stack los yog stack- lean tes tsho.
- Khaws slack ntawm tswj khoov vojvoog.Coil tshaj fiber ntau nyob rau hauv lub tais, ua kom txhua qhov khoov siab tshaj qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntev -lub sij hawm khoov vojvoog teev rau cable. Standard G.652.D fiber ntau yog feem ntau tsim nrog khoov loj dua - vojvoog pub, thaum G.657.A2 khoov-insensitive poob cable txhawb ntau txoj kev nruj dua. Txawm nrog G.657.A2, tsis txhob yuam kom nruj- vojvoog coils uas nyuaj rau txheej txheej. Tight loops uas zoo txaus rau hnub ntawm kev teeb tsa tuaj yeem ua rau macrobend poob vim tias lub kaw lus hloov pauv los ntawm lub caij ntuj sov.
- Tshem tawm ntawm lub vaj huam sib luag adapter.Txuas txhua tus pigtail connector rau hauv nws qhov chaw nres nkoj adapter, txuam polish (APC ntsuab rau APC ntsuab). Khaws cov kaus mom plua plav ntawm txhua qhov chaw nres nkoj uas tsis siv thoob plaws hauv kev teeb tsa - qhov kawg ntawm kev sib kis los ntawm ib tus ntiv tes tiv tauj tuaj yeem xav tau rov ua dua - ntxuav thiab rov ua dua - kuaj.
- Sau npe txhua qhov chaw nres nkoj.Kos txhua qhov chaw nres nkoj thiab fiber ntau rau koj cov phiaj xwm sau npe ua ntej kaw. Cov thawv uas tsis muaj npe yog ib qho ua rau muaj tsheb thauj khoom rov qab -rolls; tus nqi ntawm lub tshuab luam ntawv daim ntawv lo thiab 5 feeb rau ib lub thawv rov qab rau thawj zaug hu ua txhaum.
- Kuaj, txheeb xyuas qhov txuas nyiaj txiag, thiab cov ntaub ntawv.Ntsuas qhov poob thiab rov qab poob rau ib qhov chaw nres nkoj nrog lub teeb pom kev / lub zog ntsuas. Lub hom phiaj ntawm lub hom phiaj yog Tsawg dua los yog sib npaug rau 0.3 dB ib qho kev sib txuas huv si, tab sis qhov kev lees txais qhov kev txwv yuav tsum ua raws li cov qauv ntsuas thiab cov cuab yeej siv. Yog tias qhov kawg - txog - ntsuas qhov kawg ua tau, txheeb xyuas qhov poob ODN los ntawm OLT rau ONT nyob hauv lub zog siv tau- cov peev nyiaj hauv chav kawm. Taug qab nrog OTDR yog tias siv tau, thiab khaws cov ntaub ntawv taug qab ua ib feem ntawm cov ntaub ntawv xa mus rau qhov project. Ib qhov txuas uas dhau mus rau ib hnub uas tsis muaj cov npoo tuaj yeem ua tsis tiav tom qab kev hloov pauv, cov khoom sib kis, lossis cov xwm txheej huab cua.
- Foob thiab kaw.Paub meej tias cov gaskets tau zaum tag nrho thiab tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj, kaw lub hau, kaw cov chav nyob sab nraum zoov, thiab rov- tshuaj xyuas cov kab nkag nkag. Rau cov thawv sab nraum zoov, qhov kev xeem tus zaum kawg ntawm lub cable paub meej tias lub caj pas yog tuav cov neeg kho tshuab kom zoo.
Kev tu thiab tu qhov tseem ceeb
FTBs yog cov khoom siv tsis muaj zog thiab kev saib xyuas ntau heev -dawb thaum ntsia kom raug. Cov kev ua txhaum uas tshwm sim yog yuav luag ib txwm muaj kev sib kis kab mob sib kis, gasket degradation ntawm cov chav nyob sab nraum zoov, thiab khoov - kev ua txhaum txoj kab hluav taws xob uas ua rau qeeb qeeb hauv thermal cycling. Lub sijhawm saib xyuas yooj yim tiv thaiv tag nrho peb:
Thaum pib commissioning:ntxuav thiab tshuaj xyuas txhua qhov kawg, sim txhua qhov chaw nres nkoj nquag, paub meej tias txhua qhov chaw nres nkoj tsis siv tau raug kaw.Txhua xyoo (sab nraum chav nyob):tshuaj xyuas tag nrho cov kab hluav taws xob- cov qog thiab gaskets; re- cov qog torque uas qhia kev txav mus los; nrhiav UV-txog qhov chaw tawg ntawm lub cev. Hloov ua npuas ncauj- hom gaskets uas qhia tias compression tas mus li.Nyob rau tej kev ceeb toom txhaum:tshuaj xyuas thiab ntxuav tag nrho cov khoom sib txuas ntawm lub thawv cuam tshuam ua ntej hloov cov khoom siv kho vajtse - feem ntau ntawm kev ntxig - tsis raug yog kev sib kis, tsis yog cov khoom tsis ua haujlwm.Tom qab ib qho kev tshwm sim nkag:re- tshuaj xyuas tag nrho cov chaw nres nkoj qhib rau plua plav ua ntej rov-kaw.
- Khaws lub ntsej muag kom huv.Kev sib kis kab mob sib kis yog thawj qhov ua rau muaj kev sib txuas sib txuas. Tshawb xyuas nrog lub microscope ntawm fiber ntauIEC 61300-3-35: Covendface cleanliness standard (Zone B cov qauv tso cai rau kev sib kis ntawm thaj chaw sab nrauv tab sis tsis nyob hauv thaj chaw tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib cuag) ua ntej mating. Siv lub tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws fiber ntau; zam random wipes uas tawm lint los yog residue.
- Cap cov chaw nres nkoj tsis siv.Cov kaus mom plua plav nyob twj ywm kom txog thaum lub chaw nres nkoj qhib. Ib qho qhib adapter accumulates qhov paug paug uas ua tsis tau qhov txuas ntxiv, feem ntau tam sim ntawd.
- Tsis txhob kov qhov kawg.Cov roj ntawm daim tawv nqaij yog cov kab mob. Cov khoom sib txuas yuav tsum tsis txhob tiv tauj qhov chaw, cov cuab yeej, lossis cov ntiv tes - kov los ntawm lub cev nkaus xwb.
- Tshawb xyuas cov gaskets sab nraum zoov thiab cov qog ntawm lub voj voog tu.Lub gasket degraded los yog xoob xoob yog ib qho qeeb - kev ua haujlwm tsis ua haujlwm: lub thawv tseem ua haujlwm raws li cov dej noo nce mus txog thaum ib qho kev tshwm sim kub ua rau cov hws mus rau hauv lub tais splice.
- Hauv av ua ntej kev pabcuamenergized cov khoom uas nyob ib sab, thiab tshuaj xyuas cov connectors ua ntej ntxuav yog tias lawv pom puas.
Lub Teb Chaws Failures Peb Tau Pom
Cov no yog qhov rov ua yuam kev los ntawm FTTH thiab FTTB kev xa tawm - tsis muaj qhov txawv txav, thiab txhua tus tuaj yeem tiv thaiv tau ntawm lub sijhawm nruab:
- Khoov-kev ua txhaum lub voj voog nyob rau hauv slack cia.Tshaj -coiled los yog pinched fiber nyob rau hauv lub tais ua rau macrobend poob uas tsis ib txwm qhia kom txog rau thaum qhov txuas yog loaded los yog lub thawv undergoes nws thawj lub caij ntuj no thermal voj voog. Qhov no yog qhov feem ntau zam tau qhov txhaum, thiab nws yog qhov pom tsis tau rau kev tshuaj xyuas sai.
- Cov ntaub thaiv tsis raug rau ib puag ncig.Ib lub thawv sab hauv tsev ntawm cov phab ntsa ntub dej sab nrauv, ib qho kev thauj mus los- thaj tsam lub thawv raug rau cov hws, lub thawv yas hauv qhov siab -UV sab nraum zoov tsis muaj UV stabilization. Nws ua haujlwm rau hnub ib thiab ua tsis tiav los ntawm lub caij ntub dej tom ntej lossis tom qab thawj lub caij ntuj sov ntawm tshav ntuj ncaj qha.
- APC / UPC polish tsis sib haum.Ntsuab-rau-kev sib txuas xiav ua rau qhov poob qis thiab rov qab poob qis - feem ntau txaus los ua tsis tiav PON txuas. Qhov kev puas tsuaj tsis yog ib txwm pom tseeb ntawm lub zog ceev- 'meter' nyeem tab sis qhia meej meej ntawm OTDR kab los yog thaum OLT tshaj tawm txog kev ua txhaum BER.
- Unmanaged strain nyem.Mechanical load ncav cuag lub iav es tsis txhob ntawm lub cable clamp. Kev ntsuas thawj zaug tuaj yeem lees txais; qeeb degradation los ntawm cable txav ua rau lub splice tsim micro- tawg ntawm lub tshav kub- ciam teb ciam teb, nws thiaj li ua rau ib qho tsis sib xws uas nyuaj rau hauv zos.
- Tsis muaj daim ntawv lo.Qhov pheej yig tshaj kauj ruam hla thiab kim tshaj plaws kom rov qab tau. Txhua lub tsheb thauj khoom- yob tom qab ib qho kev teeb tsa tsis muaj npe cuam tshuam nrog tus kws tshaj lij taug qab tsis paub fiber ntau ua ntej lawv tuaj yeem pib kho qhov tseeb.
- Stacked los yog crushed splice tiv thaiv.Lub tes tsho tsis zaum nyob rau hauv lawv cov tuav tuav, stressing lub splice mechanically. Feem ntau thaum tus kws tshaj lij ua haujlwm hauv lub thawv sab nraud thiab tsis siv sijhawm los zaum txhua lub tes tsho ua ntej routing pigtail.
- Thermal cycling degradation ntawm cov chav nyob sab nraum zoov.Ib qho khoom siv gasket tsis raug lossis ib qho hauv qab - torqued cable caj pas yuav tshwm sim kaw ntawm kev teeb tsa tab sis txhim kho cov dej noo nkag mus rau lub caij ntuj no - caij nplooj ntoos hlav khov -thaw cycles. Thawj cov tsos mob yog nce qhov kev poob qis ntawm cov chaw nres nkoj tshwj xeeb - feem ntau cov chaw nres nkoj ze tshaj plaws rau kev nkag cable - tsis ua tiav. Hom kev ua tsis tiav no feem ntau raug kuaj pom tsis raug raws li qhov teeb meem txuas thiab yuav tsum qhib lub thawv kom kuaj xyuas kom raug.
Xaiv Kev Txiav Txim Ntoo
Ib txoj hauv kev yooj yim los sib sau ua ke ntawm lub thawv zoo rau ib lub xaib:
Glory Product Matrix: Termination Boxes thiab Related ODN Boxes
Lub hwjchim ci ntsa iab tsim cov thawv txiav fiber ntau thiab cov khoom lag luam ODN cuam tshuam los ntawm 20,000 m² ISO 9001: 2015 chaw, xa mus rau 50+ lub teb chaws. Cov lus hauv qab no cais cov kev txiav txim siab nruj siv los ntawm kev faib khoom thiab cov khoom sib cais-npaj lub luag haujlwm kom cov neeg yuav khoom tsis txhob cuam tshuam tus neeg siv khoom- xaus FTB nrog NAP lossis lub thawv xa khoom. Cov khoom sib txuas thiab pigtails tuaj yeem ua ntej- nruab rau ntawm lub Hoobkas kom txo qis kev ua haujlwm; qhia thaum lub sijhawm txiav txim.
| Qauv | Lub luag haujlwm | Muaj peev xwm | Rating / Khoom siv | Zoo tshaj rau |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GL -FTB-4F | Phab ntsa-mount, sab hauv / sab nraum zoov | 2 chaw nres nkoj | Configurable, ua ntej - lub sij hawm xaiv | Ib lub tsev FTTH, kev soj ntsuam poob |
| GL-P2-8R | Sab nraum zoov terminal box | 8 port ua | IP65/66, PC + ABS, −40 rau +85 degree | FTTH tso tseg, me me MDU |
| GL-P1-12S | Related Distribution Box | 12 chaw nres nkoj | 4- nkag feeder + poob | Lub tsev nkag, MDU riser |
| GL-P1-16R2 | Sab nraum zoov txiav tawm / faib lub thawv | 16 port ua | IP65, PC + ABS | Sab nraum phab ntsa / ncej aggregation |
| GL-ODB-16R | Related sab nraum ODN lub thawv | 16 port ua | IP68, IK10 cuam tshuam, PC + ABS | Sab nraum zoov hnyav, siab - qhov chaw cuam tshuam, ncej ntawm txoj kev |
| GL-FDB-24D | Related NAP / splitter-npaj lub thawv | 24 cev | IP65, splitter -npaj | FTTH sab nraum phab ntsa, GPON/XGS-PON splitting point |
| GL -A9-48R | High -ntaub ntawv faib enclosure | 48 port ua | IP65/66, −40 rau +85 degree | Kev sib sau hauv tsev kawm ntawv, siab -sab nraum zoov |
Rau splitter-raws li PON tsim, ua ke lub splitter-npaj lub thawv xws li GL-FDB-24D nrog Lub Hwj ChimPLC splitter (1: 8 / 1: 16 / 1: 32), thiab txiav cov tee nrog lub HoobkasSC/APC pigtailstxhawm rau khaws cov splice suav thiab ua haujlwm qis.
Tib neeg kuj nug - Cov lus teb ncaj nraim
-
Q: Dab tsi yog fiber optic termination box?
A: Qhov chaw tiv thaiv qhov twg cov khoom siv fiber ntau xaus thiab nws cov fibers yog spliced, ruaj ntseg ntawm cov chaw nres nkoj adapter, thiab khaws cia ntawm lub vojvoog khoov. Nws yog qhov kawg passive point ua ntej lub teeb liab mus txog ONT, hloov, los yog kawg ntaus ntawv, thiab ua plaub txoj hauj lwm: kho lub cable, splicing fibers rau pigtails, txiav tawm ntawm adapter ports, thiab khaws cia slack.
Q: Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm lub thawv txiav thiab kaw qhov sib txuas?
A: Ib qho splice kaw koom nrog ob lub cables nruab nrab ntawm - txoj kev thiab raug kaw nrog tsis muaj ntsaws - hauv cov chaw nres nkoj - nws nyob hauv faus, dav hlau, lossis hauv qhov manhole thiab tsis nkag mus rau hauv ib txwm ua haujlwm. Ib lub thawv txiav tawm xaus cov fiber ntau thiab nthuav tawm cov chaw nres nkoj adapter koj tuaj yeem txuas thiab txiav tawm, ntawm lub tsev lossis cov neeg siv khoom kawg. Yog tias koj tuaj yeem unplug lub connector, nws yog lub thawv txiav, tsis yog kaw.
Q: Qhov txawv ntawm lub thawv txiav thiab lub thawv xa khoom (NAP lub thawv) yog dab tsi?
A: Lub thawv txiav tawm xaus fiber ntau ntawm ib tus neeg siv khoom lossis lub tsev kawg. Lub thawv xa khoom (tseem hu ua NAP lub thawv lossis lub thawv xa khoom fiber ntau) ua tib yam tab sis kuj tseem faib ib qho khoom noj fiber ntau rau hauv ntau lub xaim xaim - feem ntau nrog 1: 8, 1: 16, lossis 1: 32 PLC splitter hauv - thiab ua haujlwm raws li qhov chaw faib tawm sab nraum zoov rau ib pawg neeg rau hauv GPON lossis XGS-PON Ntau lub thawv sab nraum zoov raug muag raws li splitter-npaj, txhais tau tias lawv tuaj yeem ua haujlwm rau ob qho tib si nyob ntawm kev teeb tsa.
Q: Muaj pes tsawg qhov chaw nres nkoj fiber ntau lub thawv muaj?
A: Cov suav suav feem ntau yog 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, thiab 48. Ib leeg-lub tsev FTTH siv 2–4 lub thawv chaw nres nkoj; MDU cov plag tsev thiab chaw ua haujlwm siv 8–24; khib-mount cov ntaub ntawv{12}} nruab nrab panels khiav 24–48, nrog MPO/MTP variants mus txog 96–144 fibers. Qhov loj me rau koj cov fibers npaj tau ntxiv rau kwv yees li 20% cia, tom qab ntawd hloov mus rau tus qauv suav tom ntej. Tsis txhob loj raws li qhov xav tau tam sim no.
Q: Qhov ntsuas IP twg kuv xav tau rau lub thawv sab nraum zoov fiber ntau?
A: IP65 yog qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws rau sab nraum zoov phab ntsa lossis ncej mounting qhov twg los nag thiab plua plav tshwm sim tab sis tsis xav tau submersion. Xaiv IP67 rau qee lub sijhawm muaj kev pheej hmoo rau hauv av (hauv av- theem lossis dej nyab- qhov chaw yooj yim) thiab IP68 rau kev faus, pedestal, lossis txuas ntxiv submerged. Rau txoj kev los yog ncej-mount lub thawv uas muaj kev cuam tshuam los yog kev raug mob tshwm sim yog qhov tseeb, ntxiv qhov IK08 lossis IK10 qhov ntsuas qhov cuam tshuam - IP tsuas yog suav nrog kev nkag, tsis yog kev tawm tsam. Nyob rau hauv North America, NEMA 4X yog qhov sib npaug specification rau huab cua thiab corrosion kuj.
Q: Kuv puas yuav tsum siv SC lossis LC adapters hauv kuv lub thawv txiav?
A: SC dominates FTTH thiab PON nkag mus ua haujlwm - nws ua haujlwm tau zoo hauv thaj teb, tshwj xeeb nrog cov hnab looj tes, thiab yog hom qauv rau GPON thiab XGS-PON poob. LC yog qhov kev xaiv rau siab -cov ntaub ntawv ceev- nruab nrab cov vaj huam sib luag uas kwv yees li ob npaug ntawm cov chaw nres nkoj ib lub vaj huam sib luag tseem ceeb tshaj qhov kev tuav pov hwm. Rau PON kev xa tawm, polish (APC vs UPC) feem ntau tseem ceeb tshaj li daim ntawv: SC / APC (ntsuab khau raj, 8℃kaum sab xis) yog qhov xav tau vim tias nws txo qhov kev xav rov qab thiab txhawb nqa rov qab zoo dua -kev ua haujlwm poob. Tsis txhob sib xyaw APC thiab UPC nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev kho qhov muag tshwj tsis yog tias lub network tsim tshwj xeeb tso cai rau nws.
Q: Yuav ua li cas lub thawv txiav fiber ntau cuam tshuam rau qhov txuas pob nyiaj siv?
A: Txhua lub thawv txiav tawm qhia txog qhov me me ntawm qhov poob los ntawm nws qhov kev sib txuas ntawm adapter thiab sab hauv splices. Txawm hais tias qhov poob los ntawm ib lub thawv feem ntau yog me me, nws tseem yuav tsum tau suav nrog hauv kev suav tag nrho network poob thiab txheeb xyuas thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm nrog cov cuab yeej kuaj tsim nyog.
Q: Tib lub thawv puas tuaj yeem txhawb nqa GPON thiab XGS-PON?
A: Yog, nrog rau cov xwm txheej. FTB enclosure, splice tray, thiab strain relief yog wavelength -agnostic. Dab tsi yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas yog qhov txuas txuas txuas, cov peev nyiaj poob, cov phiaj xwm splitter, thiab kawg - mus rau - xaus kev ua haujlwm kho qhov muag. Yog tias qhov kev xa tawm FTTH uas twb muaj lawm tau raug teev tseg nrog SC/APC thoob plaws thiab muaj qhov txuas txaus - cov nyiaj tau los, cov txheej txheem kev txiav tawm lub cev feem ntau yog sib xws nrog XGS-PON OLT thiab ONT upgrade. Qhov no yog ib qho laj thawj qhia txog SC / APC ntawm lub sijhawm xa tawm, txawm tias nyob hauv GPON systems, pab tiv thaiv kev txhim kho yav tom ntej.
Q: Dab tsi yog qhov siab tshaj plaws qhov poob rau qhov kev sib txuas ntawm lub thawv?
A: Lub hom phiaj tsis pub ntau tshaj 0.3 dB ib qho kev sib txuas sib txuas hauv thaj teb, thiab xyuas nrog lub ntsuas hluav taws xob lossis OTDR tom qab txiav. Ib qho zoo fusion splice nws tus kheej ntxiv roughly 0.05 dB; Kev nyeem ntawv siab dua feem ntau txhais tau hais tias kev sib kis kab mob sib kis, kev sib tsoo tsis sib haum (APC rau UPC), lossis khoov - qhov hluav taws xob ua txhaum cai hauv qhov chaw cia khoom. Yog tias ib qho kev sib txuas nyeem saum toj no 0.5 dB, ntxuav lub ntsej muag ua ntej ua ntej hloov cov khoom siv.
Q: Kuv puas tuaj yeem nruab lub thawv fiber ntau optic rau kuv tus kheej?
A: Pre-connectorized (plug-thiab-play) lub thawv tuaj yeem ntsia tau yam tsis muaj fusion splicer, thiab nrog kev saib xyuas yooj yim ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Cov thawv yuav tsum tau fusion splicing xav tau ib tug splicer, ib tug fiber ntau cleaver, thiab kev cob qhia cov txheej txheem - cov txuj ci yuav tsum muaj tiag, tsis yog ib tug lav ris. Feem ntau ntawm tus kheej- kev teeb tsa tsis raug yog dhau- coiled slack (kov- kev ua txhaum txoj kab hluav taws xob), cov khoom sib kis (kov lub ntsej muag lossis tawm lub kaus mom tawm thaum ua haujlwm), thiab siv lub thawv sab hauv tsev - ntsuas hauv qhov chaw sab nraum zoov lossis ntub dej. Hnav laser- tsom iav kev nyab xeeb, kuaj ua ntej kaw, thiab ib txwm sau npe.
Standards thiab References
- IEC 61300-3-35 - Fiber optic connectors: endface geometry thiab kev soj ntsuam qhov muag pom (tus qauv sib kis rau kev tu lub ntsej muag):ib.ch
- IEC 61300-3-34 - Fiber optic interconnecting devices: attenuation measurement by insertion poob method siv OTDR:ib.ch
- IEC 62262 - Qib kev tiv thaiv muab los ntawm cov ntaub thaiv npog rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam sab nraud (IK code):ib.ch
- IEC 60529 - Qib kev tiv thaiv los ntawm cov ntaub thaiv npog (IP ntsuas tus qauv):ib.ch
- ANSI/TIA-598-C - Optical Fiber Cable Xim Coding (jacket thiab connector khau raj xim, suav nrog ntsuab=APC):tiaonline.org
- ITU-T Kev Pom Zoo G.652.D - ib leeg- hom optical fiber thiab cable yam ntxwv (tus qauv SMF):ib. int
- ITU-T Kev Pom Zoo G.657.A2 - khoov- tsis pom kev ib leeg- hom fiber ntau (7.5 hli ntev- lub sij hawm khoov vojvoog; tus qauv rau FTTH nco cable):ib. int
- ITU-T pom zoo G.984 - Gigabit-muaj peev xwm Passive Optical Networks (GPON):ib. int
- ITU-T Kev Pom Zoo G.9807.1 - 10-Gigabit- muaj peev xwm symmetric Passive Optical Networks (XGS-PON):ib. int
- Lub koom haum Fiber Optic - txuas tu thiab tshuaj xyuas siv:thefoa.org
